Cardiac Veins
Coronary Sinus
Great Cardiac Veins
Small Cardiac Vein
Middle Cardiac Veins
Posterior Vein of Left Ventricle
Oblique Vein of the left Atrium
Anterior Cardiac Veins (Into RA)
Venae Cordis Minimae (into All Chambers)
Veins of Head and neck
Retro Mandibular Vein-Ant division to Facial and Post division joins with Post Auricular to form Ext Jugular)
*Supf Temporal Vein
Middle Temporal Vein
*Maxillary Vein
Pterygoid Venous plexus---- Deep Facial Vein to Facial and Emissary(Sphenoidal Emissary, Foramen Ovale and Foramen lacerum) to Cavernous Sinus and also with Diploic Veins
Sphenopalatine
Deep Temporal
Pterygoid
Masseteric
Buccal
Dental
Greater Palatine
Middle Meningeal
Branch form Inferior Ophthalmic
Ext Jugular-Joins Subclavian Vein
*Post Auricular
*Post Division of Retro Mandibular Vein
Post Ext Jugular
Transverse Cervical
Suprascapular
Ant Jugular (Inversely propotional to Ext Jugular)
*Supf Submandibular Veins
Ant jugular Arch may receive Inf Thyroid Tributaries
Occasionaly - Occipital Vein, A branch from internal jugular
Internal Jugular
*Sigmoid Sinus
Inf Petrosal Sinus
Lingual Veins
Dorsal Lingual Veins
Deep Lingual Vein (Joins with Sublingual Vein to form Venae commitans Nervi hypoglossi to join Facial , IJV or Lingual Vein)
Pharyngeal Veins(Facial, Lingual or STV)
Meningeal Veins
Superior Thyroid (IJV or Facial)
Cricothyroid
Superior Laryngeal
Middle Thyroid Vein
Facial
*SupraTrochlear
*SupraOrbital
Anterior Division of RetroMandibular V
Occipital (Parietal and Mastoid Emissary Veins)
Vertebral Vein
*Suboccipital Venous Plexus(From Outside the Skull !!)
Anterior Vertebral Vein
Deep Cervical Vein
Cranial and Intracranial Veins
Diploic Veins (no Valves)
Frontal Diploic - Supraorbital foramen - joins supraorbital vein
Anterior temporal (parietal) diploic vein, (frontal bone) pierces the greater wing of the sphenoid -sphenoparietal sinus or anterior deep temporal vein
Posterior temporal (parietal) diploic vein, (parietal bone) -transverse sinus through a foramen at the angle or mastoid foramen
Occipital diploic vein, the largest, (occipital bone) -occipital veins or the transverse sinus near the confluence of sinuses or into an occipital emissary vein.
Meningeal Veins
Cerebral Veins
External Cerebral Vein
Superior CV: In Superomedial border, anterior veins open in at Right angles, post obliquely
Supf Middle CV : Lateral Surface - Cavernous Sinus
Supf Anastamotic Vein - Sup Sag Sinus
Inf Anastomatic Vein - Inf Sag Sinus
Inf CV : On frontal surface - Sup CV
On Temporal - basal and Middle CV - Cavernous, Superior Petrosal Transverse
Basal Vein : Formed by
Anterior Cerebral Vein
Deep Middle Cerebral Vein
Striate Veins and receives tributaries from
Interpeduncular fossa, Inf Cornu of lat Vent
Parahippocampal gyrus and midbrain
Internal Cerebral Vein : formed near IV Foramenby
Thalomostriate
b/w Caudate Nucleus and Thalamus
Choroid Veins curves along choroid plexus
Great Cerebral Vein formed by
Union of 2 internal cerebral veins
Receives Right and left Basal Veins
Ends into Ant end of Straight Sinus
Cerebellar Veins
Superior Cerebellar Vs :
Anteromedially - Straight Sinus or Great CV
Laterally - Transverse and Sup petrosal Sinus
Inferior Cerebellar Vs :
Small median : Straight or Sigmoid
Laterally - Inf Petrosal or Occipital
Veins of brainstem
Superficial venous plexus deep to the arteries.
Midbrain - great cerebral or basal vein.
Pons - lateral vein- with upper medullary veins- petrosal sinuses, transverse sinus, cerebellar veins or the venous plexus of the (sphenoidal) foramen ovale.
A median pontine V- basal veins.
Inferior medulla oblongata -spinal veins ,radicular veins following the last four cranial nerves to the inferior petrosal or occipital sinuses or the upper part of the internal jugular vein.
Anterior and posterior median medullary veins -anterior medial fissure or posterior median sulcus - continuous with the spinal veins in corresponding positions
Cranial Dural Venous Sinuses
Posterosuperior group
superior and
inferior sagittal,
straight,
transverse,
petrosquamous,
sigmoid and
occipital sinuses
Antero inferior group
cavernous,
intercavernous,
inferior petrosal,
sphenoparietal,
superior petrosal and
basilar sinuses and
middle meningeal 'veins'.
Confluence of the Sinuses
Dilated posterior end of the superior sagittal sinus, situated to one side (usually right) of the internal occipital protuberance, where it turns to become a transverse sinus. It also connects with the occipital and contralateral transverse sinus.
Superior Sagittal Sinus
Ascending frontal veins of Krayenbühl
Superior cerebral veins,
--- Right transverse sinus
Inferior Sagittal Sinus
-- Straight Sinus
Straight Sinus
*Inf Sagittal Siuns
Superior cerebellar veins
Great cerebral
Transverse Sinus
* Sup Sagittal Siuns (R)
* Straight Sinus (L)
joined by the superior petrosal sinuses;
Inferior cerebral,
Inferior cerebellar,
Diploic and inferior anastomotic veins
continue as sigmoid sinuses
Petrosquamous Sinus
It runs back in a groove, jn of squamous and petrous parts of the temporal bone, opening behind into the transverse sinus. Anteriorly - retromandibular vein through a postglenoid or squamous foramen. The sinus may be absent; it may drain entirely into the retromandibular vein.
Sigmoid Sinus
* transverse sinuses,
Connects with pericranial veins via mastoid and condylar emissary veins.
Occipital Sinus (smallest) occasionally paired.
commences near the foramen magnum in several small channels, one joining the end of the sigmoid sinus;
connects with the internal vertebral plexuse
ends in the confluence of sinuses.
Cavernous sinus
Tributaries
Superior ophthalmic vein,
Connects with Facial and Supraorbital
a branch or whole of inferior ophthalmic vein
lacrimal sac and eyelids - connects with pterygoid fissure
Central retinal vein
May drain to Sup Ophthalmic
Superficial middle cerebral vein,
Inferior cerebral veins
Sphenoparietal sinus
middle meningeal vein;
superficial middle cerebral vein,
veins from the temporal lobe and the
anterior temporal diploic vein.
--- curving medially -- anterior Cav Sinus
Frontal tributary of the middle meningeal
Drains
Transverse sinus via the superior petrosal sinus,
Internal jugular via the inferior petrosal sinus and a plexus of veins on the internal carotid,
Pterygoid plexus by veins traversing the emissary sphenoidal foramen, foramen ovale and foramen lacerum and to the
Facial vein via the superior ophthalmic.
Connections
Anterior and Posterior intercavernous sinuses
Basilar plexus.
All connections are valveless;
Intercavernous sinus
Superior petrosal sinus
Connects Cav Siuns and Transverse
cerebellar,
inferior cerebral and
tympanic veins.
It connects with the inferior petrosal sinus and basilar plexus.
Inferior petrosal sinus
Connects Cav Siuns and Int Jugular(Sup Bulb)
Labyrinthine veins
Cochlear canaliculus
Vestibular aqueduct
Medulla oblongata,
Pons and
Inferior cerebellar surface.
Basilar sinus
It consists of interconnecting channels between layers of dura mater on the clivus;
connects the inferior petrosal sinuses and joins with the internal vertebral venous plexus.
cavernous and superior petrosal sinuses at its anterior end.
When marginal sinuses (p. 1589) are large they communicate anteriorly with the plexus; an almost complete circular venous channel may then surround the foramen magnum, connecting the basilar plexus intracranially to the inferior petrosal, sigmoid and occipital sinuses and to variable extracranial vertebral plexuses in the suboccipital region.
Middle meningeal 'veins'.
Above Superior sagittal sinus
Below Frontal and parietal trunks,
Term Parietal trunk may traverse the foramen spinosum to the pterygoid venous plexus;
Frontal may also reach the plexus via the foramen ovale or may end in the sphenoparietal or cavernous sinus.
Besides meningeal tributaries they receive small inferior cerebral veins and connect with the diploic and superficial middle cerebral veins.
EmissaryVein | At | Connects | With |
Mastoid EV | Mastoid F | Post Auricular, Occipital | Sigmoid Sinus |
Parietal EV | Parietal F | Veins of Scalp | Superior Sagittal Sinus |
Venous plexus | Hypoglossal Canal | Internal jugular vein | Sigmoid Sinus |
posterior condylar EV | Condylar Canal | Suboccipital Triangle | Sigmoid Sinus |
Plexus of EVs (venous plexus) | F Ovale | Pterygoid Plexus | Cavernous Sinus |
Two or three small veins
| F Lacerum | Pharyngeal veins Pterygoid plexus. | Cavernous Sinus |
EV | Emissary sphenoidal foramen (of Vesalius ) | Pharyngeal veins Pterygoid plexus. | Cavernous Sinus |
Internal Carotid Venous plexus | Carotid Canal | Internal jugular vein | Cavernous Sinus |
Petrosquamous Sinus |
| External Jugular Vein | Transverse Sinus |
| foramen caecum | Nasal Veins | Superior Sagittal Sinus |
occipital emissary vein occipital diploic vein | occipital protuberance | occipital vein | confluence of sinuses |
occipital sinus |
| veins around the foramen magnum (marginal sinuses) | vertebral venous plexuses |
ophthalmic veins |
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Veins of Upper Limb
Dorsal Digital network
Dorsal digital Veinsà 3 Dorsal Metacarpal VeinsàDorsal Venous Arch à Joined laterally dorsal digital vein from Radial Side of Index Finger and thumb
Cephalic Vein
Median Cubital Vein
Accessory Cubital Vein
Ends into Axillary Vein
Basilic Vein
à Axillary Vein à Subclavian Vein
Median cubital Vein
Antebrachial Vein
Median Vein of Forearm
Brachial Veins - flank Brachial Artery
Deep veins of the Hand
Deep Veins of the Forearm
Axillay Vein
Near subscapularis the brachial vein joins it
near its costal end, the cephalic;
tributaries follow the axillary arterial branches
Subclavian Vein
External jugular,
dorsal scapular and sometimes the
anterior jugular;
Thoracic duct or Right Lymphatioc duct
Veins of Thorax
Brachiocephalic Veins (Valveless)
Formed by the union of Int Jugular and Subclavian
R - 2.5 cm
right vertebral,
internal thoracic,
inferior thyroid and sometimes the
first right posterior intercostal veins.
L - 6 cm
left vertebral,
internal thoracic,
inferior thyroid,
superior intercostal, sometimes the
first left posterior intercostal,
thymic and
pericardial veins.
Internal Thoracic Veins
Tributaries correspond to branches of the artery
a pericardiophrenic vein.
Inferior Thyroid Vein (valves at their terminations.)
oesophageal,
tracheal and
inferior laryngeal veins
Left Superior Intercostal Vein
the second and third (sometimes fourth) left posterior intercostal veins,
left bronchial veins,
the left pericardiacophrenic;
connects inferiorly with accessory hemiazygos V
Superior Vena Cava
Azygos Vein
From Mediastianal Structures