Veins and Tributaries

Cardiac Veins

Coronary Sinus

Great Cardiac Veins

Small Cardiac Vein

Middle Cardiac Veins

Posterior Vein of Left Ventricle

Oblique Vein of the left Atrium

Anterior Cardiac Veins (Into RA)

Venae Cordis Minimae (into All Chambers)

Veins of Head and neck

Retro Mandibular Vein-Ant division to Facial and Post division joins with Post Auricular to form Ext Jugular)

*Supf Temporal Vein

Middle Temporal Vein

*Maxillary Vein

Pterygoid Venous plexus---- Deep Facial Vein to Facial and Emissary(Sphenoidal Emissary, Foramen Ovale and Foramen lacerum) to Cavernous Sinus and also with Diploic Veins

Sphenopalatine

Deep Temporal

Pterygoid

Masseteric

Buccal

Dental

Greater Palatine

Middle Meningeal

Branch form Inferior Ophthalmic

Ext Jugular-Joins Subclavian Vein

*Post Auricular

*Post Division of Retro Mandibular Vein

Post Ext Jugular

Transverse Cervical

Suprascapular

Ant Jugular (Inversely propotional to Ext Jugular)

*Supf Submandibular Veins

Ant jugular Arch may receive Inf Thyroid Tributaries

Occasionaly - Occipital Vein, A branch from internal jugular

Internal Jugular

*Sigmoid Sinus

Inf Petrosal Sinus

Lingual Veins

Dorsal Lingual Veins

Deep Lingual Vein (Joins with Sublingual Vein to form Venae commitans Nervi hypoglossi to join Facial , IJV or Lingual Vein)

Pharyngeal Veins(Facial, Lingual or STV)

Meningeal Veins

Superior Thyroid (IJV or Facial)

Cricothyroid

Superior Laryngeal

Middle Thyroid Vein

Facial

*SupraTrochlear

*SupraOrbital

Anterior Division of RetroMandibular V

Occipital (Parietal and Mastoid Emissary Veins)

Vertebral Vein

*Suboccipital Venous Plexus(From Outside the Skull !!)

Anterior Vertebral Vein

Deep Cervical Vein

Cranial and Intracranial Veins

Diploic Veins (no Valves)

Frontal Diploic - Supraorbital foramen - joins supraorbital vein

Anterior temporal (parietal) diploic vein, (frontal bone) pierces the greater wing of the sphenoid -sphenoparietal sinus or anterior deep temporal vein

Posterior temporal (parietal) diploic vein, (parietal bone) -transverse sinus through a foramen at the angle or mastoid foramen

Occipital diploic vein, the largest, (occipital bone) -occipital veins or the transverse sinus near the confluence of sinuses or into an occipital emissary vein.

Meningeal Veins

Cerebral Veins

External Cerebral Vein

Superior CV: In Superomedial border, anterior veins open in at Right angles, post obliquely

Supf Middle CV : Lateral Surface - Cavernous Sinus

Supf Anastamotic Vein - Sup Sag Sinus

Inf Anastomatic Vein - Inf Sag Sinus

Inf CV : On frontal surface - Sup CV

On Temporal - basal and Middle CV - Cavernous, Superior Petrosal Transverse

Basal Vein : Formed by

Anterior Cerebral Vein

Deep Middle Cerebral Vein

Striate Veins and receives tributaries from

Interpeduncular fossa, Inf Cornu of lat Vent

Parahippocampal gyrus and midbrain

Internal Cerebral Vein : formed near IV Foramenby

Thalomostriate

b/w Caudate Nucleus and Thalamus

Choroid Veins curves along choroid plexus

Great Cerebral Vein formed by

Union of 2 internal cerebral veins

Receives Right and left Basal Veins

Ends into Ant end of Straight Sinus

Cerebellar Veins

Superior Cerebellar Vs :

Anteromedially - Straight Sinus or Great CV

Laterally - Transverse and Sup petrosal Sinus

Inferior Cerebellar Vs :

Small median : Straight or Sigmoid

Laterally - Inf Petrosal or Occipital

Veins of brainstem

Superficial venous plexus deep to the arteries.

Midbrain - great cerebral or basal vein.

Pons - lateral vein- with upper medullary veins- petrosal sinuses, transverse sinus, cerebellar veins or the venous plexus of the (sphenoidal) foramen ovale.

A median pontine V- basal veins.

Inferior medulla oblongata -spinal veins ,radicular veins following the last four cranial nerves to the inferior petrosal or occipital sinuses or the upper part of the internal jugular vein.

Anterior and posterior median medullary veins -anterior medial fissure or posterior median sulcus - continuous with the spinal veins in corresponding positions

Cranial Dural Venous Sinuses

Posterosuperior group

superior and

inferior sagittal,

straight,

transverse,

petrosquamous,

sigmoid and

occipital sinuses

Antero inferior group

cavernous,

intercavernous,

inferior petrosal,

sphenoparietal,

superior petrosal and

basilar sinuses and

middle meningeal 'veins'.

Confluence of the Sinuses

Dilated posterior end of the superior sagittal sinus, situated to one side (usually right) of the internal occipital protuberance, where it turns to become a transverse sinus. It also connects with the occipital and contralateral transverse sinus.

Superior Sagittal Sinus

Ascending frontal veins of Krayenbühl

Superior cerebral veins,

--- Right transverse sinus

Inferior Sagittal Sinus

-- Straight Sinus

Straight Sinus

*Inf Sagittal Siuns

Superior cerebellar veins

Great cerebral

Transverse Sinus

* Sup Sagittal Siuns (R)

* Straight Sinus (L)

joined by the superior petrosal sinuses;

Inferior cerebral,

Inferior cerebellar,

Diploic and inferior anastomotic veins

continue as sigmoid sinuses

Petrosquamous Sinus

It runs back in a groove, jn of squamous and petrous parts of the temporal bone, opening behind into the transverse sinus. Anteriorly - retromandibular vein through a postglenoid or squamous foramen. The sinus may be absent; it may drain entirely into the retromandibular vein.

Sigmoid Sinus

* transverse sinuses,

Connects with pericranial veins via mastoid and condylar emissary veins.

Occipital Sinus (smallest) occasionally paired.

commences near the foramen magnum in several small channels, one joining the end of the sigmoid sinus;

connects with the internal vertebral plexuse

ends in the confluence of sinuses.

Cavernous sinus

Tributaries

Superior ophthalmic vein,

Connects with Facial and Supraorbital

a branch or whole of inferior ophthalmic vein

lacrimal sac and eyelids - connects with pterygoid fissure

Central retinal vein

May drain to Sup Ophthalmic

Superficial middle cerebral vein,

Inferior cerebral veins

Sphenoparietal sinus

middle meningeal vein;

superficial middle cerebral vein,

veins from the temporal lobe and the

anterior temporal diploic vein.

--- curving medially -- anterior Cav Sinus

Frontal tributary of the middle meningeal

Drains

Transverse sinus via the superior petrosal sinus,

Internal jugular via the inferior petrosal sinus and a plexus of veins on the internal carotid,

Pterygoid plexus by veins traversing the emissary sphenoidal foramen, foramen ovale and foramen lacerum and to the

Facial vein via the superior ophthalmic.

Connections

Anterior and Posterior intercavernous sinuses

Basilar plexus.

All connections are valveless;

Intercavernous sinus

Superior petrosal sinus

Connects Cav Siuns and Transverse

cerebellar,

inferior cerebral and

tympanic veins.

It connects with the inferior petrosal sinus and basilar plexus.

Inferior petrosal sinus

Connects Cav Siuns and Int Jugular(Sup Bulb)

Labyrinthine veins

Cochlear canaliculus

Vestibular aqueduct

Medulla oblongata,

Pons and

Inferior cerebellar surface.

Basilar sinus

It consists of interconnecting channels between layers of dura mater on the clivus;

connects the inferior petrosal sinuses and joins with the internal vertebral venous plexus.

cavernous and superior petrosal sinuses at its anterior end.

When marginal sinuses (p. 1589) are large they communicate anteriorly with the plexus; an almost complete circular venous channel may then surround the foramen magnum, connecting the basilar plexus intracranially to the inferior petrosal, sigmoid and occipital sinuses and to variable extracranial vertebral plexuses in the suboccipital region.

Middle meningeal 'veins'.

Above Superior sagittal sinus

Below Frontal and parietal trunks,

Term Parietal trunk may traverse the foramen spinosum to the pterygoid venous plexus;

Frontal may also reach the plexus via the foramen ovale or may end in the sphenoparietal or cavernous sinus.

Besides meningeal tributaries they receive small inferior cerebral veins and connect with the diploic and superficial middle cerebral veins.

EmissaryVein	At	Connects	With
Mastoid EV	Mastoid F	Post Auricular, Occipital	Sigmoid Sinus
Parietal EV	Parietal F	Veins of Scalp	Superior Sagittal Sinus
Venous plexus	Hypoglossal Canal	Internal jugular vein	Sigmoid Sinus
posterior condylar EV	Condylar Canal	Suboccipital Triangle	Sigmoid Sinus
Plexus of EVs (venous plexus)	F Ovale	Pterygoid Plexus	Cavernous Sinus
Two or three small veins	F Lacerum	Pharyngeal veins Pterygoid plexus.	Cavernous Sinus
EV	Emissary sphenoidal foramen (of Vesalius )	Pharyngeal veins Pterygoid plexus.	Cavernous Sinus
Internal Carotid Venous plexus	Carotid Canal	Internal jugular vein	Cavernous Sinus
Petrosquamous Sinus		External Jugular Vein	Transverse Sinus
	foramen caecum	Nasal Veins	Superior Sagittal Sinus
occipital emissary vein occipital diploic vein	occipital protuberance	occipital vein	confluence of sinuses
occipital sinus		veins around the foramen magnum (marginal sinuses)	vertebral venous plexuses
ophthalmic veins

Veins of Upper Limb

Dorsal Digital network

Dorsal digital Veinsà 3 Dorsal Metacarpal VeinsàDorsal Venous Arch à Joined laterally dorsal digital vein from Radial Side of Index Finger and thumb

Cephalic Vein

Median Cubital Vein

Accessory Cubital Vein

Ends into Axillary Vein

Basilic Vein

à Axillary Vein à Subclavian Vein

Median cubital Vein

Antebrachial Vein

Median Vein of Forearm

Brachial Veins - flank Brachial Artery

Deep veins of the Hand

Deep Veins of the Forearm

Axillay Vein

Near subscapularis the brachial vein joins it

near its costal end, the cephalic;

tributaries follow the axillary arterial branches

Subclavian Vein

External jugular,

dorsal scapular and sometimes the

anterior jugular;

Thoracic duct or Right Lymphatioc duct

Veins of Thorax

Brachiocephalic Veins (Valveless)

Formed by the union of Int Jugular and Subclavian

R - 2.5 cm

right vertebral,

internal thoracic,

inferior thyroid and sometimes the

first right posterior intercostal veins.

L - 6 cm

left vertebral,

internal thoracic,

inferior thyroid,

superior intercostal, sometimes the

first left posterior intercostal,

thymic and

pericardial veins.

Internal Thoracic Veins

Tributaries correspond to branches of the artery

a pericardiophrenic vein.

Inferior Thyroid Vein (valves at their terminations.)

oesophageal,

tracheal and

inferior laryngeal veins

Left Superior Intercostal Vein

the second and third (sometimes fourth) left posterior intercostal veins,

left bronchial veins,

the left pericardiacophrenic;

connects inferiorly with accessory hemiazygos V

Superior Vena Cava

Azygos Vein

From Mediastianal Structures